Say "real"

There I was, resting on a bench at a quiet shaded corner in Disney's Epcot theme park. Occasionally one or two park patrons walked by; some stopped and talked to a staff stationed at the entrance of an attraction near me, and left. The attraction was closed apparently. My girlfriend was at another attraction next to this one waiting in line for her space station ride. Two hours of wait time, she'd told me, all excited. I told her I needed a break. Enough with the long wait.

"Say real." When I first heard it, I paid it no mind.

"Say real." Still, I was lost in my train of thoughts.

"Say real. You want Oreo? Say real."

Now it got my attention. I looked up ahead and saw a middle-aged father tending to his toddler. A common scene in Disney that doesn't deserve a full article of its own, but what caught my eyes was the age of the toddler and the racial disparity between these two. The boy, who was in a stroller, could be 6 or 7; kids this age usually refuse to sit in one. Judging by his looks and skin tone, I'd say he was Asian; the dad was Caucasian. Not a rare racial combination because of all the adoptions from Asian countries, but they were the first pair I saw around here.

The kid didn't seem to be able to say the R sound, so the dad kept pressing him with more "Say real," which sounds pretty much like "reo" in "Oreo". The kid leaned forward with his hands reaching  towards his dad, but the dad refused to give the boy cookies.

"Say real," dad pushing the kid's hands aside.

"Say real," dad moving the cookie package away from him.

Then another boy came, older, Caucasian. He bent down to the younger boy and blocked my view of the kid. By the look of it, it seemed like he was hugging the kid. At this moment, I was pondering what I'd observed so far. Kids usually pick up a new language very quickly, so my first thought was the dad adopted this kid recently from a foreign country, so he didn't have enough time to learn the new language. But the age of the boy....

In the end, I still didn't know if the kid got his cookies.

Disney, Epcot theme park

uh

NOTE: 畢竟我住在美國,所以這篇是以美式發音為主。英式發音有些差異,這我留在最後提。

音標 /ʌ/ 和 /ə/ 到底是要如何發音?這個其實不該只看字面說明。我們先聽聽英文母語人士如何的念這兩個音:
http://soundsofspeech.uiowa.edu
The website version(需要安裝Adobe Flash Player) 或是 App(要付費...)
English Module → 選Vowels → monophthongs → central → (如下方圖示)

注意聽 /ʌ/ 和 /ə/ 這兩個音( /ɝ/ 和 /ɚ/ 也順便聽一下),先消化一下(不要懷疑,網站發音檔沒放錯,你也沒聽錯。不要只聽音標發音,右邊的「整個單字」念法也聽)。

他們網站拿掉 English module,English 版本只有 Apple/Android App 且需要付費。我直接講結論,他們錄製的這兩個音聽起來(幾乎)一樣。整個單字的念法當然有輕重音的分別。


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https://youtu.be/RsumYs0z6RY "... both are essentially the same sound made the same way with the mouth...." " /ʌ/ ... stressed, long duration" "/ə/ ... unstressed, short duration" 兩個基本上是同樣的音/相同的發音方式(指的是嘴、口形/舌頭位置)。兩者差別只是在於輕重音/長度。
 
然後和文馨當代英漢辭典的音標說明互相比較一下:
最後再看KK音標的始祖書: "A PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH" by JOHN SAMUEL KENYON, Ph.D. and THOMAS ALBERT KNOTT, Ph.D.
字典它處有對黃體字做說明,表示輕/重音節(的輕/重音)
摘自同一本書:


一些細部解釋,部份例外變化等等有的沒的這本始祖字典有額外說明,我懶得引了。我直接講結論,簡單說,這兩個音發音其實一樣,差別只是重讀(重音節/單音節/音調較高)和輕讀(次音節/低音節/弱音/音調較低。"schwa"有時也用 /ə/ 表示)而已。其實也不用覺的奇怪,因為在一些語系裡頭即使相同發音,但是不同輕重音/不同音調仍是會代表不同的字(類似我們國語用語調(四聲)來區分不同的字),所以 IPA 用不同的符號將這些不同輕重音/音調的音個別紀錄。

我手頭的 The New Oxford American Dictionary 的音標表只有 /ə/,沒有 /ʌ/,因為這本字典是將這兩個音合併在一起用同一個符號表示。同樣作法的字典還有 World Book Online, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 等等字典:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English#Traditional_respelling_systems
 

相較之下,這本美國字典 The American Heritage Concise Dictionary 用的符號則是 /ŭ/(cut) 和 /ə/(about)。對於 /ə/,字典有這說明:"The symbol (ə) is called a schwa. It represents a vowel that receives the weakest level of stress within a word. The schwa sound varies, sometimes according to the vowel it is representing and often according to the sounds surrounding it.


有空我再補充些細部變化說明

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What's the difference between Schwa (/ə/) and Wedge (/ʌ/)?

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注意聽他的"love"

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The Huntsman: Winter's War 預告
https://youtu.be/eAvCgVR0gIM?t=10s
約十秒處開始: "Mirror mirror ..."
mirror有兩種發音。美式發音: /'mIrɚ/(ɚ 有r;有捲舌)。英式發音: /'mIrə/(ə 無捲舌)。影片中的女星是用英式發音。
KK是用這符號 ɚ ,IPA以及一些字典的音標系統是用 ər。比如:

UK版/發音: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/mirror

US版/發音: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/mirror


英式"標準"發音的 /ə/ (亦是 IPA 音標/ə/的發音/念法)基本上和我們(傳統)教的 KK 音標一樣。

IPA  /ə/(真人發音): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel 開頭右邊表格裡頭

英語母語人士使用字典的情形

英語母語人士使用字典的情形:

http://www.mobileread.com/forums/showthread.php?t=201136

http://www.mobileread.com/forums/showthread.php?t=135658

https://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/273718-Help-from-dictionary

No loitering

LOITERING: 
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/loiter
loiter (verb)
: to remain in an area when you do not have a particular reason to be there

  • Loitering is prohibited outside the theaters.
  • There was a group of teenagers loitering (around) [=hanging around] in the parking lot.

前些年Starbucks 爆發了一個醜聞。一家Starbucks 將兩個沒買東西然後在店裡頭待著(loitering)的顧客趕走,這乍聽之下似乎沒什麼,偏偏這兩個人是黑人,然後那一陣子又是「woke」風盛行,就這樣子鬧上了新聞媒體,搞到全美Starbucks 停業一天「教育」所有員工待客之道。不過前一陣子我瞄到一則關於Starbucks的新聞,沒看錯的話他們恢復了no loitering的政策。 

這是我在 Woburn, MA 一處的McDonald's看到的標示(在自取飲料機那,還有其它「警語」。換句話說,你在拿飲料的時候就會看到)。 看樣子這家分店受不了太多人在那「坐著閒聊」.... 

其本上就是他們只給你30分鐘用餐時間。這之後如果你(們)還留在他們店裡頭 ....

剛Google了一下。還不少....




2017 以前去這家 McDonald's 時倒是沒注意到這標示。這次去因為就在我坐的包廂座位牆上。其實我一開始也沒注意到,後來一抬頭往牆上看,看到了。不錯了啦,至少這家給45分鐘。

話雖是這樣子說,一般是只要買了餐點飲料之後不影響到店家營業,多坐一會是不會怎樣。

現在情況似乎有些變了。一個朋友說他和其他人去一間港式下午茶餐廳用餐,吃完要走的時候店家反過來要求他們不要馬上走,多坐一會。朋友的看法是因為現在生意差,且那家餐廳沒什麼人排隊等著用餐,餐廳需要人氣,所以刻意留他們下來。畢竟只有一個餐廳樣本,且是亞洲人經營,不能確定這是一般通例。總之朋友說這是第一次遇到。

 

ESL Chauvinism

https://groups.google.com/d/topic/alt.usage.english/efjx2VoUjfE/discussion
dontbother
> involve just such multiple choice problems.  For the life of me I
> can't understand, if these tests are really important, why their
> writers don't have them vetted by a panel of native speakers.
Pride? Time? Money? Willing native anglophone vetters? Too much of the first and too little of the latter three.

Note to self: read the thread